Minnesota – “ Every municipality is subject to liability for its torts and those of its officers, employees and agents acting within the scope of their employment or duties whether arising out of a governmental or proprietary function.” – Iowa – “ Every municipality is subject to liability for its torts and those of its officers and employees, acting within the scope of their employment or duties, whether arising out of a governmental or proprietary function.” – – “If someone’s injuries result from physical defects that occur due to negligence within or on the grounds of buildings that are used for governmental functions, or due to the negligent failure to repair or remove obstructions on a public road, then a city may be liable.” – Ohio – Cities are generally immune for liability, but there are exceptions. “ An intentional act by one person that creates an apprehension in another of an imminent harmful or offensive contact.” – Suing a City This definition recognizes that placing another person in fear of bodily harm is itself an act deserving of punishment, even if the victim of the assault is not physically harmed.” – “ Assault is often defined as any intentional act that causes another person to fear an attack or imminent physical harm. “ The definition of assault varies by jurisdiction, but is generally defined as intentionally putting another person in reasonable apprehension of an imminent harmful or offensive contact. That’s why the light is so intense and flashing so rapidly. RRFBs are obviously designed to instill fear and apprehension into drivers. Assaultīelow are legal definitions of assault. Therefore, there is little doubt that LED flashing lights are strobe lights and not simply flashing lights. Police reports and discussion groups refer to LED flashing lights as strobe lights. Companies such as Carmanah claim that their RRFBs are strobe lights. LED flashing lights are intense, directed energy beams that flash on and off in a digital manner. “A bright light the flashes on and off very quickly.” – However, in general, the definion of strobe light is similar to the one found in the Britannica dictionary. There is no definitive agreement on the definition of strobe light. The Soft Lights Foundation was sent this letter detailing the injury caused by RRFBs. – Letter to FHWA – In our letter, we noted that the researcher used data for point sources, rather than the correct data for surface source LEDs. On March 6, 2022, the Soft Lights Foundation requested termination of the interim approval of RRFBs because they are dangerous and discriminatory. There is no discussion of cd/m 2 which is the brightness and power metric for surface source emitters. For surface sources such as LED, the correct metric is candela per square meter. The study invalidly uses candela to measure optical power. – 2010 study by FHWA – An early study of RRFBs by the FHWAĮvaluation of Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons and Rapid Flashing Beacons – 2016 Texas A&M Study. The marketing video for the RRFBs states that they are “attention grabbing strobe lights”, so the manufacturer seems to consider the RRFB to be a strobe light, which is not an approved device.Įffects of Yellow Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons on Yielding at Multilane Uncontrolled Crosswalks. However, since RRFB means Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon, we would understand that RRFBs must comply with section 4L, Flashing Beacons. Quote: “ The advance warning area may vary from a single sign or high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a vehicle to a series of signs in advance of the TTC zone activity area.” – The MUTCD does not define the difference between a flashing light or strobe light. Therefore, RRFBs do not comply with the MUTCD. The illuminated period of each flash shall be a minimum of 1/2 and a maximum of 2/3 of the total cycle.” – RRFBs flash much faster than once per second. Quote: “ Beacons shall be flashed at a rate of not less than 50 or more than 60 times per minute. Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices – This is a link to the current version, 2009. Many states have their own state version of this same document with slight modifications particular to the state. The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices is the standard for highway signs and is maintained by the Federal Highway Administration. Once the patent issue was resolved, the FHWA again authorized interim approval, requiring each state to request individual approval from the FHWA. The RRFB was initially given interim approval by the FHWA, then that that approval was revoked due a patent issue.
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